The Compilation of Costs table presents a compilation of costs in 2020 U.S. dollars for a suite of mitigation strategies. References marked with an asterisk are listed in USEPA (2015). For a summary of 31 individual oxygenation or aeration case studies, see Wagner (2015). Note: For ranges of costs/acre or costs/acre/year in the referenced citations, table data may represent averages for the ranges presented. NA = Not Available.
Compilation of costs (2020 U.S. dollars) for a suite of mitigation strategies
| LOCALE | WATER BODY | TREATMENT | CAPITAL COSTS ($/ACRE) | O&M COSTS ($/ACRE) | DURATION OF EFFECTIVENESS (YEARS) | REFERENCE |
| AERATION | ||||||
| FL | Lakes | Circulators | 385–4,527 | 116–2,182 | NA | Cooke et al. (2005) in Wagner (2015) |
| MA | Onota Lake (617 acres) | Deep-hole system | 700 | 91 | NA | Berkshire Regional Planning Commission (2004)* |
| MA | Lovers Lake and Stillwater Pond (55.5 acres) |
Hypolimnetic aeration | 1,904 | 106 | 15 | ENSR Corporation (2008)* |
| MA | Lovers Lake and Stillwater Pond (55.5 acres) |
Artificial circulation | 2,352 | 157 | 15 | ENSR Corporation (2008)* |
| MN | Twin Lake (20 acres) | Solar circulator hypolimnetic dispersal | 7,793 | 277 | 20 | Chandler (2013)* |
| MN | Twin Lake (20 acres) | Bottom bubbler | 12,992 | 1,939 | 20 | Chandler (2013)* |
| New England | Lakes (3) | Mechanical mixing | 10,000–50,000 per device | Requires power and mainte-nance | NEIWPCC (2015) | |
| NY | Lakes | Surface aeration (oxygenation and circulation) | 150–2,500 | NYDEC (2019) | ||
| NY | Lakes | Hypolimnetic aeration or oxygenation | >2,500 | NYDEC (2019) | ||
| USA | Lakes (33) | Circulators | 399 (>133-acre lake), 4,050 (<25-acre lake) | Cooke et al. (2005) in Wagner (2015) | ||
| USA? | Unknown lakes | Hypolimnetic aerators | 2,039 765 for large lakes | 10 | Cooke et al. (2005) in Wagner (2015) | |
| ALGAECIDES | ||||||
| New England | Lake surface blooms | Surface application | 100 | NEIWPCC (2015) | ||
| NY | Lakes | 5–25/acre-ft | <1 | NYDEC (2019) | ||
| ALUM TREATMENT | ||||||
| MA | Lovers Lake and Stillwater Pond (28.25 acres) | 9,026 | 0 | 15 | ENSR Corporation (2008)* | |
| MA | Morses Pond (104.5 acres) | Annual treatment 2008–2016 | 1,620 | 253 | 18 | Wagner (2017) |
| MN | Keller Lake (72 acres) | 914 | 0 | NA | Barr (2005)* | |
| MN | Kohlman Lake (74 acres) |
2,509 | 0 | NA | Barr (2005)* | |
| MN | Spring Lake (409 acres) |
2,837 | 0 | 10–32 | Barr (2005)* | |
| MN | Twin Lake (19 acres) | 8,624 | 0 | 1.5 | Chandler (2013)* | |
| New England | Lakes | Alum | 280–5,000 | Variable | NEIWPCC (2015) | |
| NY | Lakes | Alum or lanthanum-substituted clay | 100–500 | NYDEC (2019) | ||
| NY | Cossayuna Lake (35 acres) |
726 | 0 | NA | The LA Group (2001)* | |
| SD | Lake Mitchell (877 acres) | 4-year assumed whole-lake treatment | 247 | 0 | NA | Osgood (2002)* |
| WA | Green Lake (259 acres) | 10,241 | 0 | 10 | Herrera Environmental Consultants (2003)* | |
| WA | Lake Ketchum (25.5 acres) | Treating sediment | 8,736 | 0 | 4 | Burghdorff & Williams (2012)* |
| WA | Lake Ketchum (25.5 acres) | Treating water column | 1,614 | 0 | 1 | Burghdorff & Williams (2012)* |
| WA | Lake Lawrence (330 acres) | Alum+ monitoring | 3,350 | 619 (/month) | 20 | Tetra Tech (2004)* |
| WA | Lake Hicks (4 acres) | 13,690 | 0 | >10 | King County (2005)* | |
| WI | Cedar Lake (1,120 acres) | Alum twice/year, assume 1/2 lake | 2,200 | 0 | 10 | Cedar Lake Protection & Rehab District (2013)* |
| WI | E. Alaska Lake (41 acres) | 4,640 | 0 | NA | Hoyman (2011)* | |
| BARLEY STRAW | ||||||
| MD | Lake Williston (67 acres) | 500 bales + 3,200 labor | 85 | 0 | 1 | Calculated from Sellner et al. (2015) |
| MN | Twin Lake (20 acres) | 619 | 0 | NA | Chandler (2013)* | |
| New England | Lakes | 225 lbs/acre | 500 | 0 | Full season | NEIWPCC (2015) |
| BIOMANIPULATION | ||||||
| NY | Stocking piscivorous fish to control planktivorous fish | 100–2,000 | NYDEC (2019) | |||
| MN | Twin Lake (20 acres) | Removing, adding, and monitoring fish | 15,646 | 0 | NA | Chandler (2013)* |
| DREDGING | ||||||
| MA | Lovers Lake and Stillwater Pond (19 acres) | 91,100 | 0 | 10 | ENSR Corporation (2008)* | |
| MD | E. Lake Linganore (~100 acres) | 180,000 | 0 | NA | Bohnel (2019) | |
| MN | Keller Lake (72 acres) | 17,594 | 0 | NA | Barr (2005)* | |
| MN | Kohlman Lake (74 acres) |
26,375 | 0 | NA | Barr (2005)* | |
| MN | Twin Lake (20 acres) | 142,342 | 0 | NA | Chandler (2013)* | |
| NY | Cossayuna Lake (35 acres) |
29,305 | 0 | NA | The LA Group (2001)* | |
| WA | Lake Lawrence (330 acres) | 95,452 | 4,766 | 50 | Tetra Tech (2004)* | |
| CLAY AND SURFACTANT FLOCCULATION | ||||||
| CHN | Lake Tai | Kaolinite, soil | 148–245 | 0 | 148–245 | Pan et al. (2019) |
| CHN | Lake Tai | Kaolinite, soil + capping | 3,648–8,197 | 0 | 3,648–8,197 | Pan et al. (2019) |
| HERBICIDE TREATMENT | ||||||
| NY | Cossayuna Lake (35 acres) |
CuSO4 every year for 5 years | 933 | 0 | 1 | The LA Group (2001)* |
| HYDRAULIC MANIPULATION | ||||||
| MN | Twin Lake (20 acres) | 32,480 | 3,864 | 20 | Chandler (2013)* | |
| NY | Lakes | <10,000 | NYDEC (2019) | |||
| PEROXIDE | ||||||
| MD | Lake Anita Louise (5 acres) |
350 lbs granular H2O2 compound | 486 | 0 | >4 | Mattheiss, Sellner, and Ferrier (2017) |
| MD | Spahrs Quarry (7 acres) |
550 lbs granular H2O2 compound | 275 | 0 | NA | Campbell and Sellner (in preparation) |
| ULTRASOUND | ||||||
| New England | Lakes | 20kHz–1MHz sound waves | 2,400 | Some (power, mainte-nance) | Variable | NEIWPCC (2015) |
| NY | Lakes | 20kHz–1MHz sound waves | 5,000/unit | Some (power, mainte-nance) | NYDEC (2019) | |
